At Floor Central, we received the following explanation of shedding from a carpet manufacturer. This is one of the best explanations of shedding I have come across. This is suggested reading for both industry personnel and carpet consumers.
Carpet Shedding
With all the styles we make using staple yarns this explains why (to some extent) we receive so many claims for shedding. Many times these claims are given birth as the point of sale because the consumer is not aware or is not made aware of the normal shedding characteristics of staple yarn. Fortunately, our experiences with the many (many) samples that have been submitted to us for shedding has shown that the vast majority of these claims are not valid, the shedding being experienced is well within the normal range for staple, and in many cases is so slight that the very though of submitting a claim has to be questioned.
Shedding (vacuum cleaner canisters and bags filling with fuzz) is a major complaint we see. A few years ago I received the following explanation of shedding from a carpet manufacturer. This explanation is as true today as it was then.
Shedding occurs when sheared fiber that has not been removed during the vacuuming process (after shearing) work their way out of the now installed carpet by traffic and vacuuming. We also see shedding as a result of individual staple fibers that have been spun together, when an infinitesimal amount of fiber that was not captured in the latex yarn bundle slip from the twist yarn. Consider this: If you have a 2-ply staple yarn constructed carpet you could have as many as 300 individual filaments of yarn in a single tuft! If only one (1) filament slipped from each tuft as a result of normal shedding, imagine the amount of shedding that could occur in a typical 12′ x 20′ room! Perhaps you can better understand this if you consider, for example, that a typical 1/10 gauge cut-pile carpet has approximately 103,680 tufts in one square yard of carpet!
Shedding with carpets of staple yarn construction poses no danger of excessive fiber loss, it is not a defect, and it will stop in time! The time required for shedding to stop will be based on how often the carpet is vacuumed, how thoroughly the carpet is vacuumed, and how effective the vacuum model is (models with roller brushes and adjustable pile height settings work best), and how heavy the carpet’s pile is (the heavier the style the longer it will take to remove those fibers that will eventually shed. Dealers and consumers should be told that shedding may last up to a year! They should also understand that because shed fiber that has been captured by vacuuming has been “fluffed” in the process, the amount of fiber contained in the vacuum bag often appears to be significantly greater in amount then what was actually been removed. And the common sense thing to do when this is observed is to clean (or exchange) the vacuum bag to prevent overloading the vacuum cleaner.
This information should equip you to better respond to clams for shedding, and help dealers and consumers understand that this is a normal condition and its occurrence does not indicate that a carpet is defective.
Among the mysteries and most misunderstood concerns with carpet is pile reversal, shading, watermarking and pooling. These concerns result in not only the changing appearance of a carpet, they also result in disappointment and often irritation on the part of the consumer when the change takes place. Often this change occurs within days or weeks of installation and the consumer believes they have an inferior carpet when they don’t. The following explanation by the Carpet and Rug Institute is one of the better that I have ran across as it pertains to pile reversal, also known as shading, pooling, watermarking and highlighting.
Pile Reversal – Watermarking, Shading
All pile yarn carpet is subject to pile reversal; however, it is most likely to be observed in smooth surfaced, densely constructed, plush type qualities. This phenomenon is difficult, if not impossible, to predict or prevent. Pile reversal creates a permanent change in the carpet’s appearance caused by the difference in the way light reflects off the sides and tip of a yarn as the pile lays in different directions. Shaded areas appear light from one direction and dark from another direction. After a period of use, carpet may look as though water has spilled on section of the carpet hence, the term “water marking.” Other terms also commonly used to describe pile reversal are “pooling.” And “highlighting.”
Why the carpet pile, which lays uniformly in one direction when installed, changes direction permanently, is often a mystery. In many installations, the pile reversal direction is predictable from the pattern of foot traffic. Carpet pile is pushed away from turning traffic and toward the sides of a corridor. Shading lines can cross carpet seams even when the manufactured direction of the joined pieces of carpet differ. In other situations, location factors such as an uneven subfloor, are thought to be possible causes for this phenomenon,
Pile reversal is not a manufacturing defect and does not affect the durability of the carpet. Pile reversal is not due to the materials used to produce the carpet, the manufacturing process, or any combination of these factors. Watermarking or shading may develop on a carpet made with any fiber(s) or manufacturing process. Once the condition has developed, it cannot be permanently removed.
When pile reversal takes place, there is little which can be done to return the carpet to its original appearance. Brushing or vacuuming may create some degree or temporary appearance change; however, this change is only at the top portion of the tuft. The pile will return to the reversed position after it is again subjected to foot traffic.
The visual impact of pile reversal depends on the nature of the carpet. Loop pile carpets or cut pile carpets with matte yarns have a low light reflecting quality. Boldly patterned carpets moderate, shading may not be visible even though pile reversal has occurred.
It is not possible to assure that pile reversal will not develop in any carpet.
The above explanation is from:
The Carpet and Rug Institute
Technical Bulletin CRI-03/00
For your convenience Floor Central provides links to trade associations, regulatory organizations, flooring manufacturers, flooring media, educators, consultants and others.
ASSOCIATIONS /ORGANIZATIONS
BAMBOO ORGANIZATIONS
American Bamboo Society ABS issues a bimonthly newsletter and a journal about the use, care, propagation and beauty of bamboo.
Bamboo Australia A very informative commercial site.
European Bamboo Society EBS is an informal federation of national European bamboo societies, each of which has its own administration and membership.
International Network of Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) is an international organization created by 27 member states of the United Nations, and has Headquarters in Beijing, China. INBAR develops and assist in the transfer of appropriate technologies and solutions to benefit the peoples of the world and their environment.
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CARPET ORGANIZATIONS
American Fiber Manufacturers Association (AFMA) This site provides a wealth of fiber related information.
Carpet America Recovery Effort (CARE) is a voluntary initiative of the carpet industry and government to prevent carpet from burdening landfills.
Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) is the national trade association representing the carpet and rug industry. The Institute’s membership consists of manufacturers representing 94% of all carpet produced in the United States, and suppliers of raw materials and services to the industry. There is continued coordination with other segments of the industry, such as distributors, retailers, and installers.
Carpet Cushion Council (CCC) – As the industry resource for answers to carpet cushion-related questions, the Carpet Cushion Council is taking the initiative to educate carpet retailers, manufacturers, distributors, and cushion manufacturers about the need to understand this untapped commodity.
Dalton Floor Covering Market Association (DFCMA) (formerly CMMA) was formed in 1979 to promote the carpet & rug industry, its’ products and services, and to educate the members and others through seminars, press releases, and trade shows.
Georgia Textile, Carpet and Consumer Products Manufacturers Association (GTMA) is the statewide trade association that represents Georgia’s textile, carpet and consumer products manufacturers in legislative, regulatory and public relations matters. Founded in 1900, GTMA also provides services and guidance to the industry on a wide range of issues, including human resources, fiber procurement, funded research, public utility rates and energy, safety and health, employee benefits, environmental quality and taxation.
Polyurethane Foam Association (PFA) has a web presence to provide information on key issues and product characteristics that may be of interest to flexible polyurethane foam users, researchers and academia.
SB Latex Council (SBLC) is a professional trade association comprised of the four manufacturers of SB latex. SB latex is used in over 90% of the carpets made in the United States, primarily to attach carpet fibers to a backing material. SB latex is also used in paper coating and other miscellaneous uses. The Council exists to promote the safe manufacture, use, handling and disposal of SB latex.
Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers Association (VCMA) is part of AHAM- Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers. This site provided assistance and information for both consumers and its members.
World Floor Covering Association (WFCA) is the only organization with no vested interest other than the advancement of the entire floor covering industry, and it is the only organization that reinvests in the industry.
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LAMINATE ORGANIZATIONS
North American Laminate Flooring Association (NALFMA) was formed in 1997 by US and Canadian manufacturers and importers of laminate flooring. The primary purpose is to create voluntary product performance standards for laminate flooring in North America.
The Association of European Producers of Laminate Flooring (EPLF) was founded in 1994 in Bonn, Germany. Currently, some 20 companies producing and marketing laminate flooring on their own account and with their headquarters within the European Union are regular members of EPLF. The Association only accepts such manufacturers as are committed to high standards of quality and implement suitable production processes.
The Laminating Materials Association (LMA) is a non-profit trade group representing all decorative overlays and edge banding in North America. These overlays and edge-finishing materials are applied to a composite wood substrate and used in the production of furniture (household and office), store fixtures, kitchen cabinets, etc.
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RESILIENT ORGANIZATIONS
European Resilient Flooring Manufacturers Institute ERFMI is an institute formed to represent the interests of the resilient flooring industry in ensuring the maintenance of high ethical standard within the industry
The Resilient Floor Covering Institute (RFCI) is an industry trade association of North America manufacturers who produce resilient flooring products. Associate members of RFCI supply raw materials to the resilient flooring industry and manufacture installation and maintenance products.
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TILE & STONE ORGANIZATIONS
Association of Italian Ceramic Tile and Refractories Manufacturers – Association of Italian Ceramic Tile and Refractories and Manufacturers (ASSOPIASTRELLE)
Ceramic Tile Distributors Association (CTDA) is an international association of distributors, manufacturers and allied professionals of ceramic tile and related products. Its mission is to provide educational and networking opportunities for distributors of ceramic tile and their suppliers to further the consumption of ceramic tile.
Ceramic Tile Education Foundation (CTEF) was created to establish as a local, regional, and national educational and training programs for consumers, installers, contractors, and sales associates interested in the installation of ceramic tile.
Ceramic Tile Institute of America CTIOA is a not for profit tile association, offering training, testing and inspection services.
Marble Institute of America promotes the use of information on the standards of workmanship and practice and suitability of natural stone and be the authoritative source application of stone products.
National Tile Contractors Association (NTCA) was organized and chartered in 1947. The NTCA is a non-profit trade association serving every segment of the industry, and is recognized as the largest and most respected national tile contractors association.
National Training Center for Stone & Masonry Trades (NTC ) offers consultation and training for the stone industry and has a broad selection of information available for the industry and consumers alike.
Terrazzo Tile and Marble Association of Canada (TTMAC ) was founded in 1944. It’s mandate was to develop a method of standardizing terrazzo, tile and marble installation techniques, as well as being a technical resource and liaison for architects, designers and engineers.
Tile Council of North America TCNA previously known as TCA is a national trade association dedicated to expanding the market for ceramic tile manufactured in the United States of America. TCNA publishes industry-consensus guidelines for ceramic tile installation.
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WOOD ORGANIZATIONS
American Hardwood Export Council AHEC is the leading international trade association for the American hardwood industry, representing companies and trade associations engaged in the export of a full range of U.S. hardwood products, including – lumber, veneer, plywood, flooring, molding and dimension materials.
American Walnut Manufacturers Association (AWMA) is an international trade association representing manufacturers of walnut lumber, dimension lumber, veneer, walnut squares, and gunstock blanks. The association was first organized in 1912.
Canadian Hardwood Plywood and Veneer Association (CHPVA) is the national association representing the Canadian hardwood plywood and veneer industry in all technical, regulatory, quality assurance, and product acceptance.
Canadian Lumbermen’s Association CLA founded in 1907, strives to promote the interests and conserve the rights of those engaged in lumber operations, or in the manufacture, sale or distribution of lumber and other related products. The Canadian Lumbermen’s Association (CLA) is divided into four bureaus primarily servicing the softwood and hardwood lumber manufacturing community.
Engineered Wood Association APA is a non-profit trade association with 70 years of experience, is the authoritative source for information on structural wood products and their related construction applications.
Hardwood Council, The: Founded in 1993, the Hardwood Council is a coalition of 11 hardwood lumber and product associations. The Council provides technical information on North American hardwood applications for builders, architects, interior designers and others.
Hardwood Manufacturers Association (HMA) sponsors the Hardwood Information Center gives a wealth of information about hardwood floors, including tips for designing, buying and maintaining hardwood floors.
Hardwood Plywood & Veneer Association HPVA Founded in 1921, the Hardwood Plywood & Veneer Association (HPVA) represents the interests of the hardwood plywood, hardwood veneer, and engineered hardwood flooring industries. HPVA member companies produce 90% of the hardwood plywood stock panels and 95% of the sliced hardwood veneer manufactured in North America. From our headquarters in Reston, VA, near Washington, DC, HPVA offers a wide variety of valuable information and resources on hardwood plywood, veneer, and engineered flooring.
International Wood Products Association (IWPA) Founded in 1956, the International Wood Products Association (formerly the International Hardwood Products Association) is the only association in the United States committed to the promotion and enhancement of trade in the imported hardwood and softwood products industry.
Maple Flooring Manufacturers Association (MFMA) Founded in 1897. It has established itself as the authority of technical and general information on maple sports flooring.
National Oak Flooring Manufacturers Association – NAME CHANGE “See The Wood Flooring Manufacturers Association”
National Hardwood Lumber Association NHLA is a nonprofit trade association composed of more than 1800 members who produce, sell and use hardwood lumber or provide services to the hardwood industry.
National Wood Flooring Association (NWFA) is a non-profit trade association representing all segments of the wood flooring industry, including manufacturers, distributors, retailers, installers and consultants. The mission of the NWFA is to be a leading resource of accurate and expertise wood flooring information.
North American Wholesale Lumber Association NAWLA is an international trade association of over 650 leading forest products and building material industry wholesalers, manufacturers and industry affiliated companies throughout the United States and Canada. NAWLA, whose wholesaler and wholesaler-processor members’ combined annual sales exceed $30 billion, is dedicated to enhancing professionalism and efficiency throughout the lumber distribution channel and to the responsible use of forest resources. NAWLA members serve as the unifying force for efficient forest products and building materials distribution.
Northwest Wood Products Association NWPA is an association of secondary and primary wood manufacturers and their service providers. This association provides services that are intended to increase the profitability of its members. We have a large range of business services and our recognized as the voice of the secondary wood products industry in the state of Oregon. We believe that a well-managed forest is good for the environment and will provide jobs indefinitely.
Southern Pine Inspection Bureau SPIB is a non-profit organization, is dedicated to the maintenance of high standards in the Southern Pine forest products industry. The benefits of our quality control programs extend to everyone engaged in the production, sales, and distribution of Southern Pine as well as to specifiers and buyers.
The Wood Flooring Manufacturers Association (NOFMA) Previously known as the “National Oak Flooring Manufacturers Association” NOFMA is dedicated to promoting the flooring industry. NOFMA has formulated and administered United States industry standards on wood flooring since 1909.This site is also an excellent resource for consumers wanting to no more about hardwood floors.
Timber Products Inspection Timber Products is a very diverse, broadly based company that is best described as a wood products inspection, certification, testing, verification, training and operational improvement consulting company.
West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau WCLIB The West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau is an Oregon non-profit service corporation which exists for the benefit and protection of buyers, sellers, and consumers of softwood lumber. A primary objective of the WCLIB is the development and maintenance of uniform lumber standards.
Western Hardwood Association WHA The mission of the WHA is to promote and market western hardwoods while educating stakeholders on sustainable and environmentally responsible resource management.
Western Wood Products Association WWPA represents softwood lumber manufacturers in the 12 Western states and Alaska. Supported by Western lumber manufacturers, WWPA delivers lumber grading, quality control, technical, business information and product support services to sawmills as well as those who use softwood lumber products throughout the world.
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INSTALLATION ORGANIZATIONS
Certified Floorcovering Installers Association, Inc. (CFI) is a organization devoted to carpet and flooring installers. Besides certifying and training installers they also help set the standards for quality installations. Certified Floorcovering Installers (CFI) trains and certifies installers worldwide. Membership consists of installers, inspectors, manufacturers, distributors and others with an interest in the floor covering industry.
Floor Covering Installation Contractors Association (FCICA) Floor Covering Installation Contractors Association (FCICA) helps train, inform and unite floor covering professionals throughout the USA. Membership includes installation contractors and associate members from other segments of the floor covering industry.
Floor Installation Association of North America (FIANA) Floor Installation Association of North America is a non-profit organization whose members are currently from throughout Canada and the United States. Members must be Manufacturers or Distributors of floor installation products and/or flooring accessories. Objective: “Professionalism Through Education.”
The International Standards and Training Alliance INSTALL The new brand name for the floor covering arm of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and its training program. Which provides comprehensive flooring installation training.
Signatory Floor Covering Contractors SFCC As responsible floor covering contractors, SFCC members advance important industry issues through research, programs and disseminating relevant information. For example, excess moisture vapor from concrete slabs can raise havoc with achieving a quality floor covering installation. You’ve come to the right Web site to learn what can be done to prevent this type of problem. This site is especially valuable for architects and specifiers as we offer suggested specification changes to deal with problems associated with excess moisture, concrete slabs and the installation of floor covering products.
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DISTRIBUTOR ASSOCIATIONS
The National Association of Floor Covering Distributors (NAFCD) was organized to foster trade and commerce for wholesale distributors or manufacturers of floor coverings and allied products. The organization represents its members through involvement and by providing quality education through its development programs and conferences. email: info@nafcd.org
Floor Installation Association of North America (FIANA) is a non-profit organization whose members are currently from throughout Canada and the United States. Members must be Manufacturers or Distributors of floor installation products and/or flooring accessories. Objective: “Professionalism Through Education.” email: info@fiana.org
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CLEANING & MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS
Association of Wisconsin Cleaning Contractors AWCC a Wisconsin based non-profit professional association promoting the use of professional cleaning contractors by the general public, through marketing and public relation efforts.
Carpet & Rug Cleaners Institute of Illinois CRCII (Illinois) A professional carpet cleaning organization since 1925.
Carpet Cleaner Institute of the Northwest (CCINW) is an association of leading carpet and rug cleaning, fabric cleaning and restoration contractors from throughout the Northwest United States and Western Canada. (WA, OR, ID BC, MT and Alberta, Canada) 877-MY-CCINW
Carpet Cleaners Network The Carpet Cleaners Network is a valuable online directory and resource for information about carpet cleaners and carpet cleaning companies in several countries.
Carpet & FabriCare Institute (CFI) CFI members are people who take the professional cleaning business very seriously. They make the effort to keep abreast of all the latest developments in the industry, including products, equipment, and more efficient methods of producing quality work. They attend local chapter meetings and freely share their tips and techniques with one another, all with the intent to promote the highest standards of skill, knowledge, and business ethics to serve the consumer in a more professional manner. (CA, AZ, NV, HI, Japan) 800-CARPET-9
Floorcovering Institute of Ontario/Certified Carpet & Fabricare Division (Ontario Canada) FPOCCFD is dedicated to the professional development of the floor covering industry through education and communication.
International Society of Cleaning Technicians (ISCT) The International Society of Cleaning Technicians is a nonprofit trade association for companies of all sizes and sectors in the inspection, cleaning, restoration, and related industries. (International) 800-WHY-ISCT
Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC) - It was founded in 1972 to establish and monitor educational programs and standards for the inspection, cleaning and restoration service industries.
Low Moisture Carpet Cleaners Association LMCCA is an organization devoted to the personal advancement of Professional Carpet Cleaning Technicians who utilize low moisture cleaning systems in their business operations.
MidSouth Professional Cleaners Association MSPCA (NC, VA, SC, TN, GA, AL) – An organization of members representing different segments of the cleaning industry.
National Carpet Cleaners Association (NCCA) is the only nationally recognized UK trade association dedicated to the cleaning of carpets and soft furnishings.
New England Institute of Restoration & Cleaning NEIRC (VT, MA, RI, CT, ME, NH, Upstate NY) An association representing carpet cleaners for over 50 years.
Professional Carpet & Upholstery Cleaning Association (PCUCA) PCUCA, a regional trade association, represents and recognizes, supports and sets standards for professionals in the cleaning and restoration industry for the benefit of the consumer and related industries. 877-44PCUCA
The Professional Cleaners’ Association (PCA) was founded in 1980 by 60 Bane-Clene professionals who wanted an exclusive organization to represent those with the highest standard of service in the industry. Membership grew to hundreds of companies in the United States, Canada, China, Japan, Mexico, the Philippines, South America, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom.
Restoration Industry Association
RIA (Formerly ASCR – the Association of Specialist in Cleaning and Restoration) RIA is a professional association comprising more than 1,300 member organizations, representing over 20,000 cleaning and
restoration professionals.
SCRT – Society of Cleaning and Restoration Technicians (SCRT)
A nonprofit trade association for companies of all sizes and sectors in the inspection, cleaning, restoration, and related industries. The SCRT’s mission is to be the leading worldwide resource that provides members with up-to-date technical, management, and marketing information.
Tri-State Restorers & Specialty Cleaners Association TRSCA (NY, NJ, PA, WV, OH, DE, MD, MA)
PCRA – Professional Cleaning & Restoration Alliance (AR, OK, NM, TX, LA)
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INSPECTOR / CONSULTANT ASSOCIATIONS
Advanced Flooring Systems (AFS)
Flooring Consultants and Inspection Training Service (FCITS) was established in 1988 under the name Floor Covering Institute of Technical Services, Inc. The FCITS offers inspector training and certification.
National Institute of Certified Floor Covering Inspectors (NICFI) – National Institute of Certified Floor Covering Inspectors (NICFI) members have extensive experience and expertise in all aspects of investigating problems related to floor covering. NICFI members specialize in carpet, resilient vinyl, VCT tile, laminate, ceramic, specialty floors, and hardwood flooring claims.
Institute of Inspection, Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC) - It was founded in 1972 to establish and monitor educational programs and standards for the inspection, cleaning and restoration service industries.
International Custodial Advisors Network ICAN is a non-profit association comprised of industry consultants with a wide range of expertise in building management and service disciplines. ICAN’s goal is to promote, strengthen and enhance respect for the cleaning industry while promoting the interests of ICAN participants through shared resources, expertise, talents, and contacts.
International Certified Registry the most comprehensive directory of expert, certified flooring inspectors on the web. In this site you will find Certified Flooring Experts in the United States, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand.
International Floorcovering Installers (CFI) Offering certification progams for installers and inspectors.
National Institute of Certified Floor Covering Inspectors (NICFI) NICFI Members are professionally trained and certified to investigate the cause of floor covering failures. We also provide consulting services before, during, and after the installation of floor covering.
The Academy of Textile and Flooring (ATF) The Academy of Textiles and Flooring offers courses in each of the areas certified by the Institute of Inspections, Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC), and other related courses.
OTHER FLOORING RELATED ORGANIZATIONS
American Fiber Manufacturers Association (AFMA) Since 1935, the Fiber Economics Bureau has been the only source of direct statistics on the United States manufactured fiber industry and its products – acrylic, nylon, polyester, olefin, rayon, glass fiber, and others.
American Floorcovering Alliance (AFA) – formerly DFCMA is located in Dalton, Georgia, the carpet capital of the world was formed in 1979 to promote the floor covering industry. AFA, a not for profit association, promotes the industry’s products and services to the world, and educates the members and others through seminars, press releases, and trade shows.
Floor Covering Industry B2B Standard Committee The consortium of this document believe the flooring industry would benefit by having a single standard for Internet-based system-to-system document exchange. For contact information and a complete list of participating companies visit the Contact section.
Floor Covering Industry Foundation is dedicated to financially assisting those who are or have been affiliated with the floor covering industry and have experienced catastrophic illnesses, severe disabilities, or other life-altering hardships. The Foundation ensures that these philanthropic efforts are accomplished with compassion, confidentiality, and preservation of dignity for the individuals concerned.
National Association of Floor Covering Distributors (NAFCD) was organized to foster trade and commerce for those having a business, financial, or professional interest as wholesale distributors or manufacturers of floor coverings and allied products. As an organization, NAFCD is dedicated to representing its members through involvement and to providing quality education through its development programs and conferences.
National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) was founded in 1895 to advance a pro-growth, pro-manufacturing policy agenda. More than a century later, the NAM continues to be the leading voice for manufacturers in the United States.
National Floor Safety Institute NFSI was founded in 1997 as a not-for-profit 501 (c)(3) organization whose mission is to aid in the prevention of slip-and-fall accidents through education, training and research.
World Floor Covering Association (WFCA) is the leading retailer association in the flooring industry. The WFCA is the only organization with no vested interest other than the advancement of the entire floor covering industry, and it is the only organization that reinvests in the industry.
The Floor Covering Industry Foundation is dedicated to financially assisting those who are or have been affiliated with the floor covering industry who experience catastrophic illnesses, severe disabilities, or other life-altering hardships.
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STANDARDS AND REGULATORY ORGANIZATIONS
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Founded in 1898, ASTM International is a not-for-profit organization that provides a global forum for the development and publication of voluntary consensus standards for materials, products, systems, and services.
International Organization of Standardization (ISO) is a network of the national standards institutes of 146 countries, on the basis of one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system.
Occupational Safety and Health Association The OSHA mission is to ensure safe and healthful workplaces in America.
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INTERIOR DESIGN ORGANIZATIONS
American Society of Interior Designers (ASID) is a nonprofit professional society representing the interests of interior designers and the interior design community.
International Interior Design Association IIDA is a professional networking and educational association of more than 10,000 Members in 8 specialty Forums, 9 Regions, and more than 30 Chapters around the world committed to enhancing the quality of life through excellence in interior design and advancing interior design through knowledge.
International Designers Guild is an alliance of the most exclusive decorative floor covering showrooms in the world. It aim is to be the definitive measure of excellence in fine floor showrooms.
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CONSTRUCTION RELATED ORGANIZATIONS
American Institute of Architects AIA Excellent resource on architecture and for locating architects for Commercial, Residential, or Institutional architecture.
American Institute of Building Design AIBD is a nonprofit professional organization dedicated to the development, recognition, and enhancement of the profession of building design.
The Asbestos Institute is dedicated to promoting the safe use of asbestos in Canada and throughout the world.
Building Industry Professionals for Environmental Responsibility (BIPER) was formed in 1995 to develop solutions to environmental problems related to the construction industry. BIPER provides a range of resources for all those interested in building to keep informed about the many choices available in order to make educated decisions about which new products and designs best fit our needs.
Center for Health Design is a nonprofit, non-membership organization that is working to make people’s lives better by demonstrating that supportive building design can enhance health and well-being.
Green Seal is an independent, non-profit organization that strives to achieve a healthier and cleaner environment by identifying and promoting products and services that cause less toxic pollution and waste, conserve resources and habitats, and minimize global warming and ozone depletion.
Healthcare Design Research Alliance is an innovative approach to some of the major problems in healthcare design. It is an alliance of key healthcare interior finish manufacturers providing an integrated source for information about coordinated design solutions.
Industrial Designers Society of America IDSA is the voice of industrial design, representing the profession to business, government, education, the media and the general public and serving its information and networking needs.
International Facility Management Association IFMA is the premier professional association for facility management. Supporting the largest community of FM professionals in the industry, IFMA membership comprises more than 18,000 facility professionals throughout 50 countries. Our members have a voice in 126 chapters and 13 councils.
Kitchen Cabinet Manufacturers Association (KCMA) is a voluntary non-profit industry trade association originally founded in 1955. Currently, KCMA has over 360 members located in the United States and Canada who manufacture kitchen cabinets and bath vanities, countertop fabricators or supply goods and services to the industry.
National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) has 182,000 members; their members build more than 80 percent of all U.S. homes.
National Association for the Remodeling Industry (NARI) Members of NARI are full service contractors, design-build firms, manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, subcontractors, lenders and other related professionals who work in the remodeling field. NARI is committed to educating both trade professionals and remodeling-ready homeowners. NARI does this by reaching out to a diverse audience in a variety of formats including education, training, publications and programs.
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MEDIA / MAGAZINES
Contemporary Stone and Tile Design
Environmental Design & Construction
Facilities Design & Management
Floor Covering Installer
Interiors & Sources
Textile Industries (Textile World, Textile Panamericanos)
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EXPERTS FORUMS / BULLETIN BOARDS
Carpet Cleaners Discussion Board
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By Terry Weinheimer
Every person in the floor covering industry and especially those that sell, install, inspect and service carpet need to understand the broad variety of complaints that they will face at any given time. These same people need to understand that appearance and wear are not synonymous and in fact the two frequently used words are as different as apples and oranges. Most consumers and far too many “experts” in the industry do not understand or refuse to understand the difference between appearance and wear. By the time you get through this chapter, the author is hoping that this difference will be understood.
There is saying in the carpet industry that has been around at least as long as nylon carpets. “Carpet doesn’t wear out it uglies out”. Unfortunately, a knowledgeable inspector often finds that a carpet has uglied out due to improper cushion selection, inappropriate maintenance or consumer ignorance or neglect. When these types of problems are found it usually results in a consumer and sometimes salesperson that feels they have been taken for a ride. Educating the consumer at the time of purchase can usually prevent these problems.
How Cushion Contributes to Ugly Out
Installing New Carpet over Old Cushion
It is common for an inspector to investigate an installation and find poor performing carpet installed over the old cushion. While this old cushion may have looked pretty good to the installer or salesperson that talked them out of a new one, it has often lost much of its resilience. Was the salesman so unskilled that he or she was unable to explain the need for a proper cushion? Was the installer just too lazy to take up and install a new cushion? While the knowledgeable inspector might not know the motive for installing a new carpet over and old cushion, they certainly can tell when the cushion is bad. When a cushion is bad they will report that fact in their findings. A manufacturer may reduce coverage or refuse to warrant a carpet that is installed over an old pad.
Installing Carpet over Improperly Specified New Cushion
Just as with carpet installed over an old cushion, a carpet installed over a new improperly specified cushion will exhibit premature wear. The Carpet and Rug Institute, Carpet Cushion Council, FHA, and most carpet manufacturers have recommended standards for carpet cushion. Every individual that is selling carpet needs to know and follow these standards. Just as with used cushion a manufacturer may reduce coverage or refuse to warrant a carpet that is installed over a cushion that does not meet their standards. The Installer also needs to be aware of cushion standards for they are often blamed for restretching problems that are actually due to improperly specified carpet cushion.
Improperly Specified Carpet
Carpet that is not properly specified will ugly out regardless of what it is installed over. Most everyone has heard the statement “a good quality cushion will make an inexpensive carpet last longer.” While there is a certain amount of truth to this statement, the best of cushion can only do so much for a poor quality carpet. A carpet that is constructed with a loosely plied yarn and sparse in construction might do fine in a spare bedroom but it is not designed for the traffic of an active family. Inexpensive plush is not going to hold up on stairs regardless of how good the cushion is. By the same token, the finest piece of carpet is not going to hold up when installed over a cushion of improper thickness or density.
Carpet color is another important specification option. A light or pastel color will perform poorly in a high traffic area. A carpet installed in an executive office is unlikely to perform in an automobile showroom or restaurant. A white colored carpet may look great in a few places but in an area with a lot of traffic, household pets or the potential of tracked in soil it is going to ugly out quickly.
The Importance of Maintenance
Can You Over Clean a Carpet?
Dirt is a real problem and it is important for the salesperson to instill to the end user the importance of correct maintenance. With some consumers this will be an impossible task as there are individuals that just don’t take care for their belongings. Some consumers neglect their carpet due to shear ignorance and unfortunately a well-meaning uneducated salesperson or installer may have educated them.
A consumer may have been advised not to vacuum their carpet too much as this will wear it out, when in fact the more dirt you keep out of the carpet the better it will perform. The consumer may have been advised that cleaning will make a carpet get dirty quicker. A carpet that is never cleaned will not resoil at all, for the dirt has to first be removed before it can get dirty again.
It is sometimes true that a carpet will soil quicker after cleaning. A major cleaning problem is the use of an inferior cleaning product or too much of a good cleaning product. Many individuals have the notion that if a little cleaning chemical will do a good job a lot will do a better job. When an inferior product or too much of a good product is used the carpet will dirty quicker as excess chemical residue will be left on the fiber.
The do-it-yourself Cleaner
The do-it-yourself cleaners will often use too much or an inappropriate cleaner. I have seen situations where the consumer has found a product that worked wonders on the patio carpet or the concrete so they used it on the carpet. Some do-it-yourself cleaners tend to over wet the carpet or to use home machines with abrasive brushes. The wrong chemical or procedure will cause the yarn to untwist and mat together and when this happens the problem belongs to them and not the manufacturer.
The fly-by-night Cleaner
Another major cause of carpet soiling quickly is the so-called “professional” or “fly by night” cleaning operator. These individuals will often use strong cleaning chemicals to increase speed. This group of cleaning companies also tend to use inexpensive, inferior cleaning chemicals and strong preconditioner’s that are not properly rinsed from the carpet, and the sticky residue is left behind to attract new soil.
After Market Chemical Applications
The consumer, cleaner or other service applying a product to the face of the carpet can potentially cause it to fail and mat. Manufacturers of the fiber used in a carpet state in their warranty that it will be voided if a product that they do not approve has been used. These products include many soil and stain protectors, insecticides, deodorizers and other types of chemicals.
Manufacturers Require Routine Professional Cleaning
Most fiber manufacturers require that a qualified professional cleaner professionally clean a carpet every 18 to 24 months and more often under heavy use. Failure to comply is cause for a company to void all or part of a warranty. Some manufacturers may still warrant a product but decline the warranty until the carpet has been professionally cleaned and inspected.
A quality carpet cleaning will not leave excess sticky residue. While on the surface the cost appears higher, a qualified professional cleaner will remove soil and extend the appearance of the carpet. My wife and I live in the country in the beautiful but wet state of Oregon. Our home has lots of carpet. We also have dogs and my wife has a husband “me” that sometimes forgets to take off his shoes when he comes in from walking the pastures or hiking the hills. Our carpet gets vacuumed regularly, and about every six months a qualified professional cleans the high traffic areas. When we lived in the city and had lawns, patios, decks, and sidewalks, the cleaning frequency was less. At every home we have ever owned, our guests have frequently asked if our carpet is new or how we keep it looking so good. I believe it to be five reasons, which are:
- Select a quality carpet in a color that is appropriate for its environment.
- Install the carpet over a quality, properly specified cushion.
- Pay the extra expense of a qualified installer.
- Vacuum the carpet frequently.
- Clean the carpet routinely using qualified professionals.
Following these basic rules have allowed us to replace the carpet when we got tired of it and not because it has worn out or uglied out.
During periods of low humidity conditions, static electricity can be generated walking across a carpet or other surface. While the consumer will find this irritating it does not mean that the floor covering is defective. The generation of this condition can be significantly reduced or eliminated. This reduction can be accomplished by having a carpet treated with a anti static product approved for the carpet, of by increasing the humidity. Some of the ways to increase humidity are the use of a humidifier, pans of water placed in the areas where the condition is found or the use of indoor plants that require watering.
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Basic Concepts in Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
(Publicly Available Information)
Definition:
Static electricity is an electrical charge at rest. Static electricity is most commonly created by friction and separation. Friction causes heat which excites the molecular particles of the material. When two materials are then separated, a transfer of electrons from one material to the other may take place.
As electrons transfer, the absence or surplus of electrons creates an electrical field known as static electricity. The simple separation of two materials, as when tape is pulled off a roll, can also create this same transfer of electrons between materials, generating static electrical fields.
The amount of static electricity generated depends upon the materials subjected to friction or separation, the amount of friction or separation and the relative humidity of the environment. Common plastic generally will create the greatest static charge. Low humidity conditions such as those created when air is heated during the winter will also promote the generation of significant static electrical charges.
Materials that easily transfer electrons (or charge) between atoms are called conductors and are said to have “free” electrons. Some examples of conductors are metals, carbon and the human body’s sweat layer. Materials that do not easily transfer electrons are called insulators. Some well known insulators are common plastics, glass and air. Both conductors and insulators may become “charged” with static electricity. When a conductor is charged, the free electrons give it the ability to discharge rapidly when it comes close to another conductor with a different potential.
Typical Electrostatic Voltages:
Many of the common activities you perform daily may generate charges on your body that are potentially harmful to components.
Some of these activities include:
a) Walking across a carpet = 1,500 to 35,000 volts
b) Walking over untreated vinyl floor = 250 to 12,000 volts
c) Worker at a bench = 700 to 6,000 volts
d) Vinyl envelope used for work instructions = 600 to 7,000 volts
e) Picking up a common plastic bag from a bench = 1,200 to 20,000 volts
IMPORTANT NOTICE: This information was taken from a public service bulletin of Reade Advanced Materials and is for informal and general reference purposes only. Please contact the ESD Association or The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) in Quincy, MA (telephone number: 1-617-770-3000) for confirmation of this information.
Layout and Seam Placement
The knowledge of a few basics of measurement and layout are a must for the sales representative, installer, consumer or other individual that is measuring rooms for the installation of a new carpet. It is equally important for the inspector, for you will be called upon to determine the amount of yardage required for a defective installation, confirm that the amount of yardage purchased was the amount installed, and in some situations you will need to confirm that the seams were properly located. The following is one method of measurement and layout and not the only way.
Measuring and Diagramming Procedures
Tools and supplies
- Graph paper to layout (draw) the diagram on. For a standard installations 1/4 inch grids. On larger installations you may prefer to use 1/8 or 1/16-inch grids.
- Pencil – preferably a #2.
- Ruler to assist with the drawing of accurate lines.
- Yardage Guide or pocket calculator to determined the amount of floor covering.
- Tape measures should include a 25-foot or longer retracting tape measure and for larger installations a 100-foot steel or steel reinforced cloth tape. If you chose to use a cloth tape measure remember to check it regularly for accuracy as they can stretch. An electronic measuring device can be used but requires a great deal of practice and careful use for exact calculations.
- Awl for holding one end of the tape measure in place.)
- White chalk for marking areas.
Important Measuring and Calculating Points
While bidding an installation often requires that the calculations be made from a blueprint, whenever possible do your layout of the actual room where the product is to be installed as changes often take place between the time a blueprint is drawn and the room is completed.
Before starting the layout drawing it is helpful to know the width that the floor covering is available in or in the case of an already installed floor covering, the width installed. Most carpets are 12′ wide (some carpet is manufactured in 13’6″ or 15′ width).
With a carpet style that has a design the pattern will repeat at regular intervals. You will need to know the type and size of the pattern match. The pattern should be matched so that the design will be uniform no matter which direction the installation is viewed from.
Some carpets have a sculptured pattern that is produced during the tufting or weaving process and a second pattern that is printed on. With this style of carpet the printed and sculptured patter may not line up. In this situation you may only be able to match one of the patterns and it is generally advisable to match or monkey-match the printed pattern.
Drawing Your Layout
- Using a pencil and graph paper, layout the room sizes accurately showing placement of all doors and the correct relationship of all rooms to the other.
- You may find the lay out easiest when each square on the graph paper represents one foot. On larger installations you will need to use smaller grids and/or use a multiple for each grid such as one grid square equals two feet. (The multiple should be noted on your paper to remind you when doing your lay out or calculating the yardage).
- Start with an outside wall that is common to joining rooms.
- Start with the longest adjacent wall or dimension in an installation so that you can tell right away if you are going to run out of space on the paper and need to use a smaller grid or multiples of grids.
- Remember to measure into the doorway where the seam will be made. When carpet is installed in joining rooms, the seams are generally constructed so they will be under the door when it is closed.
- If you have both a baseboard and a quarter round, measure up to the baseboard or you may end up short.
- On long measurements you will find it helpful to anchor the end of the tape measure with an awl.
- After taking a measurement, either free hand (with a steady hand) or using a rule draws the line of the wall that the measurement represents. Be sure to take note of the placement of your first line so that the entire layout will accurately flow on your paper
Figuring Your Cuts
- Add three inches to each cut.
- Figure all main cuts so that the carpet nap lays in the same direction in all connecting rooms. Be sure to pay special consideration to the placement of the seams in relationship to the traffic pattern.
- Seams should be kept to a minimum and away from areas subjected to pivoting traffic and should not run perpendicular to the openings in doorways.
- Whenever possible, the main traffic should run along instead of across the seam.
- To reduce seam visibility it is preferable to have major seams run into instead of across the main light source.
- Figure all fills and other partial cuts from a single piece in order to avoid unnecessary seaming.
- Adequately identify all cuts on the diagram to avoid leaving out or duplicating the amount of material required for the job.
- Double-check your mathematics to avoid shortages and overages.
- An accurate layout and measurements will allow you to determine the amount of material required for a proper installation. In the case of a new installation it will make the installation go smoother.
If the Material has a Pattern
- If the material has a pattern match you must compute the yardage to allow for making the match. If you require two or more lengths of carpet that are to be seamed side by side, you need not figure a match on the first cut but must figure it on each subsequent cuts. As an example, your first cut is 20’6″ long and the carpet has a set-match of 3′ (lengthwise repeat) you will need to figure your cut at the next highest multiple of the repeat, which in this case would be 21′. 7 x 3′ = 21′
- If the pattern is a drop-match, you can estimate the multiples of the repeat plus 1/2, 1/4, or whatever the multiple of the drop-match is.
Vocabulary
- Pattern Match Lining up patterned carpet in such a way that the design element is continued across seams, making the finished installation appear uniform and cohesive Patterns must be matched in the same way as they appear on the carpet itself, either in a set match or drop match.
- Repeat indicates the distance between identical design elements in sheet goods. The most widely used is an 18″ repeat, with range from 3′ to 54″. Common are 9″, 12″, 13 1/2″, 27″, and 54″ repeats (9″ and 12″ repeats usually found in small block or tile designs).
- Drop Match: Each corresponding pattern element drops down a certain distance, such as a quarter or half pattern repeat in length, instead of simply repeating horizontally across the width as in set match. A quarter repeat is referred to as a quarter drop-match and a half repeat a half drop-match, etc.
- Set Match: In a set-match the design is positioned or set, side-by-side so that it is located on a straight line across the width of the carpet.
- Set Match (In relation too resilient): Geometric sheet goods with the pattern design matching straight across the sheet from edge to edge.
- Monkey Matching: Monkey matching is a type of pattern matching where the overprint pattern must be matched and the tufting pattern allowed to fall wherever it may be.
By Terry Weinheimer, The Weinheimer Group LLC
Manufacturing
- Latent Problems are those that become apparent only after the floor covering has been installed for a period of time.
- Visual Problems are those that are readily visible and should be seen prior to or at the time of installation.
Consumer
- Normal appearance change for the carpet style, care and usage.
- Improper maintenance.
- Animal Damage
- Abuse
Installation
- Installation error
- Improper installation of carpet or cushion
- Improper installation products
- Not following the proper inspection and claims procedures.
Specification
- Improper selection or specification of carpet and cushion.
- Improper installation products
- Not following the proper inspection and claims procedures.
The Carpet and Rug Institute Carpet Claims Manual, states on page 5, Guideline 4, “No claims will be considered on carpet, which has been installed with visible defects. Dealers are responsible for checking all merchandise for correct style, color, dye lot, and any other visible defects before cutting and installing.”
Some carpet leaves the manufacturer with visual defects that are so blatant that it is obvious that proper inspection procedure was not being followed.
A lot of carpet also leaves the manufacturer with defects that are difficult to see until the carpet is rolled out in lighting conditions different then those of the production line. Visual manufacturing defects belong to the manufacturer prior to installation of the carpet.
When a carpet is installed with a visible defect, the dealer and/or the installer can be held responsible for the repair or replacement of the carpet. Do not make a manufacturer problem yours!
Manufacturers want to know about problems so that a prompt correction can be made at a reasonable cost. When a defective carpet is installed it becomes much more expensive to correct or replace at the later date. The dealer and installer must follow the proper procedure for reporting problems unless they wish to own them as their own.
Dealer and Installer Protection
Dealer and installer protection comes through the careful inspection of the product before it is installed and stopping an installation until the manufacturer is notified when a defect is found. Unfortunately many dealers are placing this responsibility upon the installer alone without properly informing, training and compensating them. Nonetheless, any installer that installs a carpet with visible defects may be inheriting some one else’s problem.
What if the carpet was cut before the problem was found?
Even though the CRI claims manual states that “No claims will be considered on carpet, which has been installed with visible defects.” manufacturers do understand that problems such as sidematch may not show up until after the product is cut. If this occurs the installer must immediately pick up the phone and call the dealer so that the manufacturer can be contacted. This gives the manufacturer the opportunity to furnish a full or partial replacement on a rapid basis and it protects both the installer and the dealer.
What happens if the installer decides on his own to install a defective product?
Too often during inspections the consumer states, “the installer pointed out the problem but went ahead with the job so that a days work would not be lost”. The installer may not have lost that days work, but just might have to work many extra days in the future to pay for the replacement carpet.
What about Correcting the Problem Before Installing?
If the installer can work around the problem area or make a proper correction to the defective area the installation can continue. This keeps the installer from loosing a day’s work and saves the expense of replacement. Many manufacturers will reimburse the installer a reasonable fee for the time they spend correcting a manufacturer defect to save the carpet. To assure payment for the correction it is always a good idea to save the defective area and contact the manufacturer first unless standing arrangements have been worked out in advance.
The Wise Installer and Dealer
Another common statement heard from consumers during an inspection is, “the installer saw a problem and called the dealer and the dealer instructed the installer to go ahead with the installation”. This was a wise installer, by following the proper procedure the problem was transferred to the dealer and if the dealer was wise, authorization to proceed was obtained from the manufacturer, placing the problem where it originally belonged.
You Need to Protect Yourself
The Carpet and Rug Institute, Carpet Claims Manual sets out a policy for handling claims. Carpet manufacturers subscribe to the standards sit fourth in this manual. Every individual involved in the marketing, installing or servicing of carpet should order a copy from CRI if they haven’t already done so. At the same time they need to order copies of the Standards for Installation of “Commercial” and “Residential” floor coverings which are known as CRI 104 and CRI 105. The Carpet and Rug Institute can be contacted in Dalton, Georgia at 706-278-3176.
Manufacturer Inserts
Inserts are placed in rolls of carpet that are intended to warn the dealer and installer. The inserts not only protect the manufacturer but also assist the installer by providing a notice that can be shown to the consumer when a problem is found. These inserts make statements such as:
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URGET WARNING “INSPECT CARPET BEFORE INSTALLATION, CLAIMS FOR CARPETS INSTALLED WITH VISIBLE DEFECTS WILL NOT BE HONORED.” “THIS CARPET HAS BEEN INSPECTED DURING MANUFACTURING, HOWEVER, WE CANNOT HONOR CLAIMS ON MERCHANDISE THAT HAS BEEN CUT AND INSTALLED WITH VISIBLE DEFECTS.” |
Specifications are derived from averages resulting from normal manufacturing tolerances in yarn, fiber, temperature, and humidity and may vary within normal industry tolerances. Performance is not affected by such variances. Variance may be up to seven percent, plus or minus. Quality control test to accept or reject goods must be performed prior to cutting and installation.
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INSPECT BEFORE CUTTING. No claims will be honored if carpet is installed with visible defects. IF YOU CUT IT, YOU OWN IT. All pattern carpets, due to manufacturing processes, are subject to some pattern run-off when pattern matching. WE DO NOT GUARANTEE EXACT PATTERN MATCH. Due to yarn variations, actual merchandise is not guaranteed to exactly color match the sample. Slight banding is visually apparent streaking in pattern carpet resulting from linear juxtaposition of pattern elements in one direction. It is usually most visible in the length direction. IT IS NOT A CARPET DEFECT, but is inherent in solution dyed pin dots and certain solution dyed graphic patterns. This characteristic which may be objectionable in long corridors and other large areas but not visible in small rooms. All CRI Installation procedures must be followed during installation. SEAM SEALER MUST BE USED. No delamination claims will be honored if these procedures are not followed. |
In future articles we will discuss identification of visual defects and installation problems. We will also suggest ways in which many problems may be corrected to the consumer’s satisfaction.
